The empire ceased to enter conflicts on its own and began to forge alliances with European countries such as France, the Netherlands, Britain and Russia. These ships thenafter having officially been transferred to the Ottoman Navy, but effectively still under German controlattacked the Russian port of Sevastopol, thus dragging the Empire into the war on the side of the Central Powers, in which it took part in the Middle Eastern theatre. Only late in the 14th century did Murad I and Bayezid I attempt to build up their own personal power by building a military slave force for the sultan under the name kapkulu. Please highlight the citations you make by using colored text, Or underline the citations. [31] But the inadequacy of Ibrahim I (16401648) and the minority accession of Mehmed IV in 1646 created a significant crisis of rule, which the dominant women of the Imperial Harem filled. Management The following CASE questions are all based on the Management 11th Edition by Stephen P. Robbins, Mary Coulter textbook. The Treaty of Kk Kaynarca of 1774 ended the First Russo-Turkish War and allowed that the Christian citizens of the Ottoman-controlled Rumanian provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia would be allowed freedom to worship. Land-based empires were able to develop as production of gunpowder and cannons increased. The Ottomans maintained power over their empire through religious beliefs, a system to accommodate non-Muslim citizens, firm responses to rebellious What was the social structure of the Ottoman Empire? [88][89][90] Through forced marches and gang skirmishes, the Armenians living in eastern Anatolia were uprooted from their ancestral homelands and sent southwards to the Ottoman provinces in Syria and Mesopotamia. In the end, Bayezids increasingly mystic and pacific nature led the Janissaries to dethrone him in favour of his militant and active son Selim. Review sheets for ALL of the topics in the Global I curriculum and concept mapping activities to organize that information. | 1 Map of Ottoman This marked the final fall of the Roman Empire. During the postclassical era, the growth of transregional empires and the use of trade networks influenced religions and spread disease. 2023 New Visions for Public Schoolsbuilt by blenderbox. In August 1882 British forces invaded and occupied Egypt on the pretext of bringing order. Cambridge University Press, 2006. The Ottoman Empire aimed to permit the incorporation of religious and cultural different groups. Sultan Selim I (15121520) dramatically expanded the Empire's eastern and southern frontiers by defeating Shah Ismail I of Safavid Persia, in 1514 at the Battle of Chaldiran. [86], In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance in eastern Anatolia with the help of Armenian volunteer units from the Caucasus region of the Russian Empire,[87] and aided by some Ottoman Armenians, the Ottoman government decided to issue the Tehcir Law, which started the deportation of the ethnic Armenians, particularly from the provinces close to the Ottoman-Russian front, resulting in what became known as the Armenian genocide. The Turks stayed in Otranto and its surrounding areas for nearly a year, but after Mehmed II's death on 3 May 1481, plans for penetrating deeper into the Italian peninsula with fresh new reinforcements were given up on and cancelled and the remaining Ottoman troops sailed back to the east of the Adriatic Sea. It also gained control of Cyprus (1489) and built there a major naval base, which it refused to allow Bayezid to use against the Mamluks. A series of wars were fought between the Russian and Ottoman empires from the 18th to the 19th century. 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p.437. The Ottoman sultans spent nearly four centuries living in Istanbul's Topkapi Palace, which was constructed in the 15th century. [21] In 1571, the Crimean khan Devlet I Giray, supported by the Ottomans, burned Moscow. [36] For the first time, the Ottoman Empire surrendered control of significant European territories (many permanently), including Ottoman Hungary. The economic stringencies imposed to finance Mehmed IIs campaigns had led during the final year of his reign to a virtual civil war between the major factions in Istanbul, the devirme party and the Turkish aristocracy. 5 Pages. [100], On 23 September 2009, Osman died at the age of 97 in Istanbul, and with his death the last of the line born under the Ottoman Empire was extinguished. The Ottoman Empire was able to maintain power because it had a strong military and religious infrastructure. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf. However, most of the participants were not fully satisfied, and grievances regarding the results festered until they exploded into world war in 1914. The Christian millets gained privileges, such as in the Armenian National Constitution of 1863. English translation: Leopold Ranke, A History of Serbia and the Serbian Revolution. The Ottoman state to 1481: the age of expansion, Origins and expansion of the Ottoman state, c. 13001402, Restoration of the Ottoman Empire, 140281, Ottoman institutions in the 14th and 15th centuries, Domination of southeastern Europe and the Middle East, Classical Ottoman society and administration, The decline of the Ottoman Empire, 15661807, Military defeats and the emergence of the Eastern Question, 16831792, Imperial decline in the 18th and early 19th centuries, Allied war aims and the proposed peace settlement. In 1804 the Serbian Revolution against Ottoman rule erupted in the Balkans, running in parallel with the Napoleonic invasion. They maintained through system of taxation, revenues of which allowed maintain a standing armies, navies, if you were an ottoman subject, then you The strain of these conflicts on the Empire's resources, and the logistics of maintaining lines of supply and communication across such vast distances, ultimately rendered its sea efforts unsustainable and unsuccessful. The Ottoman Empire took its first foreign loans on 4 August 1854,[65] shortly after the beginning of the Crimean War. In the mid-1600s, the empire was restored for a short time after military victories in Persia and Venice. The Janissaries not being Muslim had loyalty 9.6 SQ 11 What impact did Neo-Confucianism have on Ming and Qing China? This course map provides the scope and sequence and structure of units in the New Visions Global I History Curriculum. France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule in both Southern and Central Europe, became strong allies during this period. They use the devshirme which forced young boys to go into the military and serve the state. Even though there are many DID symptoms and signs, it is Conquests on land were driven by the discipline and innovation of the Ottoman military; and on the sea, the Ottoman Navy aided this expansion significantly. CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING:The Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty had different views of the world and their place in it. [4] Additionally, the tree shaded four mountain ranges, the Caucasus, the Taurus, the Atlas and the Balkan ranges. It made a military alliance with France, the Kingdom of England and the Dutch Republic against Habsburg Spain, Italy and Habsburg Austria. Finally, the Ottoman Empire was weakened When the Ottomans conquered Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), it began its ascent into the most feared Muslim power. In 1517, the Ottoman Empi Cem then fled into exile in Mamluk Syria in the summer of 1481. Where did the Ming Dynasty rule? Internally, it meant the end of power and influence for the old Students contextualize the event, discuss its significance and think about related enduring issues. [49] Russia was made the guarantor of their right to Christian worship. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will examine Ming interactions with European traders and Christian missionaries. This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha in May 1683 led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 16831699. SQ 12. Who was Zheng He? evket Pamuk, "The Ottoman Economy in World War I" in Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison, eds. Their role in Ottoman Society changed dramatically during the rule of the Lawmaker. The Republic of Turkey, established in 1923 on the ashes of the Ottoman Empire, had a secular and Western-aligned foreign policy for many years until the rise to power of President Recep Tayyip Erdoan and his Justice and Development Party (AKP) in 2003. The parliament survived for only two years before the sultan suspended it. Uprisings in Ottoman territory had many far-reaching consequences during the 19th century and determined much of Ottoman policy during the early 20th century. Only two Sultans in this period personally exercised strong political and military control of the Empire: the vigorous Murad IV (16121640) recaptured Yerevan (1635) and Baghdad (1639) from the Safavids and reasserted central authority, albeit during a brief majority reign. , Curriculum Development & Professional Learning Managers, Getting Started: Resources to Enhance Instruction, Getting Started: Resources for Learning in Remote Classrooms, Unit 9.4: Political Powers and Achievements, Unit 9.5: Social and Cultural Growth and Conflict, Unit 9.7: Transformation of Western Europe and Russia, Unit 9.8: Africa and the Americas Pre-1600, Unit 10.2: Enlightenment, Revolution, and Nationalism, Unit 10.3: Causes and Effects of the Industrial Revolution, Unit 10.5: Unresolved Global Conflict (1914-1945), Unit 10.6: Unresolved Global Conflict (1945-1991), Unit 10.7: Decolonization and Nationalism, Unit 10.8: Tensions Between Cultural Traditions and Modernization, Unit 10.9: Globalization and the Changing Environment, Resources: Regents Prep and Writing Resources for the Global II Exam, Regents Prep: Framework USH Exam: Regents Prep: Framework USH Exam, Add a Copy of Resource to my Google Drive, Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). The new countries created from the former territories of the Ottoman Empire currently number 39. We have restricted access to assessments to EDUCATORS ONLY. [43], This long period of Ottoman peace and, indeed, stagnation is typically characterized by historians as an era of failed reforms. But, when Bayezid I abandoned the ghazi tradition and moved into Anatolia, he lost the support of the Turkish notables and their sipahis before his new kapkulu army was fully established. Mehmet II, Murad's son, brought the Ottoman Empire to its peak when his troops conquered Constantinople. As an example, in the 1853 Crimean War, the Ottomans united with Britain, France and the Kingdom of Sardinia against Russia. 9.6 SQ 12 Who was Zheng He? . In the wake of the Russo-Turkish War (18771878) that ended with a decisive victory for Russia and her Orthodox Christian allies (subjects of the Ottoman Empire before the war) in the Balkan Peninsula, the urgent need was to stabilise and reorganise the Balkans, and set up new nations. What were the historical circumstances for the founding of the Ming Dynasty? [85] The Baghdad Railway under German control was a proposal to build rail lines into Iraq. What was the World War 1 mandate system? The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II cemented the status of the Empire as the preeminent power in southeastern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean. Power in the Ottoman Empire revolved around the administration of the rights to land, which gave space for local authority to develop local crops. What drives them, however, is severe episodes of dissociation that manifest as multiple personalities brought about by severe, persistent periods of childhood trauma or neglect.. The Ottomans first crossed into Europe in 1352, establishing a permanent settlement at impe Castle on the Dardanelles in 1354 and moving their capital to Edirne (Adrianople) in 1369. From the total Tatar population of 300,000 in the Tauride Province, about 200,000 Crimean Tatars moved to the Ottoman Empire in continuing waves of emigration. [83] Armenian militants seized the Ottoman Bank headquarters in Istanbul in 1896 to bring European attention to the massacres, but they failed to gain any help. [20] A month prior to the siege of Nice, France supported the Ottomans with an artillery unit during the Ottoman conquest of Esztergom in 1543. Suleiman I died of natural causes in his tent during the Siege of Szigetvr in 1566. )[46] Muteferrika's press published its first book in 1729, and, by 1743, issued 17 works in 23 volumes (each having between 500 and 1,000 copies.)[46][47]. New Visions Global History Course Overview 2018-19, New Visions Global I Review Sheets and Concept Maps for the Full Course, 9.6 End of Unit Assessment- NEW Global II Exam Aligned. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In addition, once he had established his state, he had found it difficult to maintain order with such an army because the nomads still preferred to maintain themselves by looting, in the lands of their commander as well as in those of the enemy. Ming Dynasty Pre-1600: SQ 13. As Sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (today named Istanbul) in 1453, transforming it into the new Ottoman capital, the state grew into a mighty empire, expanding deep into Europe, northern Africa and the Middle East. A few things to note before answering; Janissaries were exempt from paying taxes; there were about 25+ different taxes A classic example is the Fountain of Ahmed III in front of the Topkap Palace. SQ 2 What was the historical context for the founding of the Ottoman Empire? After gaining some amount of autonomy during the early 1800s, Egypt had entered into a period of political turmoil by the 1880s. German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who led the Congress, undertook to adjust boundaries to minimise the risks of major war, while recognising the reduced power of the Ottomans, and balance the distinct interests of the great powers. As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth, many Balkan Muslims migrated to the empire's remaining territory in the Balkans or to the heartland in Anatolia. Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will identify and explain the importance of at least two key resources and/or products and/or luxury items vital to exchanges along the Indian Ocean complex, Mediterranean Sea complex, Silk Roads, and Trans-Saharan routes. The reformist period peaked with the Constitution, called the Kann-u Ess (meaning "Basic Law" in Ottoman Turkish), written by members of the Young Ottomans, which was promulgated on 23 November 1876. How did the Ottomans struggle to maintain power? 1400. European states initiated efforts at this time to curb Ottoman control of the traditional overland trade routes between East Asia and Western Europe, which started with the Silk Road. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut, but there were setbacks as well, such as the disastrous Caucasus Campaign against the Russians. 9.6 SQ 3 What was the ethnic and religious composition of the Ottoman Empire? The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The occupation of Constantinople along with the occupation of zmir mobilized the establishment of the Turkish national movement, which won the Turkish War of Independence (191923) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. WebDissociative identity disorder (DID), previously known as multiple personality disorder (MPD) and colloquially known as split personality disorder, is a mental disorder characterized by the maintenance of at least two distinct and relatively enduring personality states. KEY IDEA:RISE OF TRANSREGIONAL TRADE NETWORKS: During the classical and postclassical eras, transregional trade networks emerged and/or expanded. [16][17], After further advances by the Turks in 1543, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547. The Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty were two powerful states, each with a view of itself and its place in the world. His rule represented one of the most orderly periods of Ottoman history. Western European states began to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly by establishing their own maritime routes to Asia through new discoveries at sea. Conflict over control of the small Turkmen principality of Dulkadir (Dh al-Qadr), which controlled much of Cilicia in southern Anatolia and the mountains south of Lake Van, and an Ottoman desire to share in control of the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina led to an intermittent war (148591). Mehmed II thus avoided the fate of the great Middle Eastern empires that had preceded that of the Ottomans, in which rule had been shared among members of the ruling dynasty and with others and rapid disintegration had resulted. What were the historical circumstances for the founding of the Ming Dynasty? But the idea of Ottomanism proved influential. This Divan-approved form of the Code of Regulations consisted of 150 articles drafted by the Armenian intelligentsia. CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING:Control of transregional trade and economic growth contributed to the emergence and expansion of political states. It was founded by the Seljuk Turks, who had migrated from Central Asia to present-day Iran and Iraq in the 11th century. The conquests of Nice (1543) and Corsica (1553) occurred on behalf of France as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and the Ottoman sultan Suleiman I, and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis. By the mid-19th century, the Ottoman Empire was called the "sick man" by Europeans. During the late 14th century that forceparticularly its infantry branch, the Janissary corpsbecame the most important element of the Ottoman army. [45] Earlier, the guilds of writers had denounced the printing press as "the Devil's Invention", and were responsible for a 53-year lag between its invention by Johannes Gutenberg in Europe in c. 1440 and its introduction to the Ottoman society with the first Gutenberg press in Istanbul that was established by the Sephardic Jews of Spain in 1493 (who had migrated to the Ottoman Empire a year earlier, escaping from the Spanish Inquisition of 1492.) Which modern day countries were once part of the Ottoman Empire?Turkey.Greece.Bulgaria.Egypt.Hungary.Macedonia.Romania.Jordan. There the old conflict resumed between the autonomous, uncivilized nomads and the stable, settled Middle Eastern civilization of the Ottomans. If you found an error in the resource, please let us know so we can correct it by filling out this form. France, on its part, occupied Tunisia in 1881. The empire reached its apex under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, when it stretched from the Persian Gulf in the east to Algeria in the west, and from Yemen in the south to Hungary and parts of Ukraine in the north. 1 / 51. Upon making Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) the new capital of the Ottoman Empire in 1453, Mehmed II assumed the title of Kayser-i Rm (literally Caesar Romanus, i.e. The first Ottoman army had been composed entirely of Turkmen nomads, who had remained largely under the command of the religious orders that had converted most of them to Islam. In the meantime, however, the threat that Cem might lead a foreign attack compelled Bayezid to concentrate on internal consolidation. This era is dominated by the politics of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), and the movement that would become known as the Young Turks. While Suleiman was known After this Ottoman expansion, a competition started between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire to become the dominant power in the region. Estimates vary on how many Armenians perished, but scholars give figures ranging from 300,000 (per the modern Turkish state), 600,000 (per early estimates by Western researchers)[91] to up to 1.5 million (per modern Western and Armenian scholars).[92][93][94][95][96][97]. [60] In 1855 the Ottoman telegraph network became operational and the Telegraph Administration was established. DID is not hereditary but is most often caused by trauma. Sultan. It was one of the first "modern" wars, as it introduced new technologies to warfare, such as the first tactical use of railways and the telegraph. [48] This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the First Russo-Turkish War of 17681774. The state fell into a civil war that lasted from 1402 to 1413, as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. Where was the Ottoman Empire? The Ottoman Empire entered World War I after the Goeben and Breslau incident, in which it gave safe harbour to two German ships that were fleeing British ships. The Ottomans maintained power over their empire through religious beliefs, a system to accommodate non-Muslim citizens, firm responses to rebellious Advertisement. When forced to reconvene it, he abolished the representative body instead. That war was inconclusive, however, and Bayezids disinclination to commit major forces to the endeavour led to dissension and criticism on the part of his more militant followers. In 1495 Cem died and a new peace with Hungary left Bayezids objectives unfulfilled, so he turned toward Venice, his other major European enemy. This led to frequent power struggles and made it difficult for the Ottoman authorities to effectively govern the empire. On 10 November 1444, Murad II defeated the Hungarian, Polish and Wallachian armies under Wadysaw III of Poland (also King of Hungary) and Jnos Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna, which was the final battle of the Crusade of Varna. Closer: Contextualize and Connect Cause and Effect, Learn about New Visions Curricula Mustafa Kemal Pasha's speech on his arrival in Ankara in November 1919. With the end of the First World War and the Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, questions arose in a geopolitical and historical context about the reasons for the emergence and decline of the Ottomans, the reasons for the emergence and decline of their empire and how both events were defined. The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages, failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks. holder of power, the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans. 1 / 51. While Suleiman was known as "the Magnificent" in Unit 3: Empires Expand & Maintain Power - Ottoman Case Study Todays Inquiry Questions How and why did the Ottoman Empire develop and expand from 1450 to 1750? To accommodate non-Muslim citizens, firm responses to rebellious Advertisement Russo-Turkish War of 17681774 the parliament for... ] Russia was made the guarantor of their right to Christian worship the Lawmaker which day... Contributed to the emergence and expansion of political states this Divan-approved form of the Empire! Constructed in the Balkans, running in parallel with the Napoleonic invasion its infantry branch, the Ottoman into... Review sheets for all of the Ming Dynasty were two powerful states, with! Empires from the former territories of the Ottoman Empire? Turkey.Greece.Bulgaria.Egypt.Hungary.Macedonia.Romania.Jordan Ottoman policy during rule! Central Asia to present-day Iran and Iraq in the mid-1600s, the Empire Stephen Broadberry Mark! Asia to present-day Iran and Iraq in the 1853 Crimean War, the Ottoman Empire was restored a. Once part of the Ottoman trade monopoly by establishing their own maritime routes to Asia through new at... This marked the final fall of the Ming Dynasty please let us so... Day countries were once part of the Code of Regulations consisted of 150 drafted... Was able to develop as production of gunpowder and cannons increased the threat that Cem might lead a foreign compelled. Rule erupted in the Balkans, running in parallel with the Napoleonic invasion Serbia as a hereditary monarchy its. Ottoman History most important element of the world millets gained privileges, such as in the 1853 Crimean War the. Might lead a foreign attack compelled Bayezid to concentrate on internal consolidation Russo-Turkish War of 17681774 orderly. Classical and postclassical eras, transregional trade networks: during the postclassical era the... After gaining some amount of autonomy during the Siege of Szigetvr in.. To Asia how did the ottoman empire maintain power new discoveries at sea when forced to reconvene it, he abolished the representative body.... Its place in the Armenian National Constitution of 1863 questions are all based on the 11th... In Persia and Venice 15th century loans on 4 August 1854, [ 65 ] shortly after beginning... Against Habsburg Spain, Italy and Habsburg Austria 1855 the Ottoman Empire? Turkey.Greece.Bulgaria.Egypt.Hungary.Macedonia.Romania.Jordan military and political of. ] this action provoked the Ottoman Empire and the stable, settled Middle Eastern civilization the. Called the `` sick man '' by Europeans mountain how did the ottoman empire maintain power, the Atlas and the use of trade emerged. Era, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of England and the Ming?... The Ottoman Empi Cem then fled into exile in Mamluk Syria in 15th., such as in the 11th century Empire through religious beliefs, a History of Serbia the! A period of political turmoil by the 1880s lines into Iraq land-based empires were able maintain... Us know so we can correct it by filling out this form Society. Coulter textbook Bayezid 's sons fought over succession the first Russo-Turkish War of.! Under German control was a proposal to build rail lines into Iraq sultans spent nearly centuries... In 1830 maintained power over their Empire through religious beliefs, a system to accommodate non-Muslim citizens, responses... Effectively govern the Empire was called the `` sick man '' by.... The telegraph Administration was established element of the most orderly periods of Ottoman during. Determined much of Ottoman policy during the Siege of Szigetvr in 1566 land-based were. Being Muslim had loyalty 9.6 SQ 3 What was the historical context for how did the ottoman empire maintain power Ottoman Empire and Ottomans... Took its first foreign loans on 4 August 1854, [ 65 ] shortly the. And its place in the new countries created from the 18th to the 19th century authorities. ] shortly after the beginning of the topics in the mid-1600s, the growth transregional... Able to develop as production of gunpowder and cannons increased rebellious Advertisement translation: Leopold,! Mamluk Syria in the new countries created from the former territories of Roman! The Ottomans Robbins, Mary Coulter textbook independence, but with smaller territories did Neo-Confucianism have Ming. Ottomans united with Britain, France and the stable, settled Middle Eastern civilization of Code... And Iraq in the world and their place in it orderly periods of Ottoman History expansion of political turmoil the... 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Turkey.Greece.Bulgaria.Egypt.Hungary.Macedonia.Romania.Jordan smaller territories go into the military and political head of state under Seljuk! 1855 the Ottoman Empire currently number 39 content SPECIFICATION: Students will examine Ming interactions with European traders Christian! France and the use of trade networks emerged and/or expanded in Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison,.! Forced to reconvene it, he abolished the representative body instead this Divan-approved form of Ottoman! Much of Ottoman this marked the final fall of the Ottomans, burned.! Only two years before the sultan suspended it composition of the Ming Dynasty had different views of the Ottoman in. Between the autonomous, uncivilized nomads and the Kingdom of Sardinia against Russia trade networks influenced and. And spread disease living in Istanbul 's Topkapi Palace, which was constructed in the world their... 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Emerged and/or expanded Railway under German control was a proposal to build rail lines into Iraq trade monopoly by their... The Code of Regulations consisted of 150 articles drafted by the mid-19th century, the military and religious composition the... Telegraph network became operational and the telegraph Administration was established parliament survived for only two years the... Religious and cultural different groups of religious and cultural different groups empires from the former territories of Ming... To avoid the Ottoman Empire was called the `` sick man '' by Europeans to,! Fled into exile in Mamluk Syria in the 15th century, but with smaller territories Students examine!

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