the forms of capital bourdieu summarytyler toney weight loss
A kid absorbing the basic dispositions and gestures of the parents is not something we can pass laws to prevent. The mechanism of exchangeability (convertibility) is the main thing capital uses to remain on top of the world. . They are competing with each other at college. We especially see this in our current paradigm of neoliberal capitalism. A notable influence on Bourdieu was Blaise Pascal, after whom Bourdieu titled his Pascalian Meditations. Richard Nice, chapter 9 in John G. Richardson (ed. Exchanges of these signs of recognition preserve the group but also serve as its limit. Legal ownership does not necessarily mean cultural ownership. They give it an overarching structure. Bourdieus essay is available online at marxists.org. Objectified cultural capital is all the cultural goods (cool shit) that serve to produce embodied cultural capital. As well as how social order were maintained throughout the time of their existence. Bourdieus approach is starkly different to most current conceptualisations of social capital. Bourdieus theory of social capital is substantiated by a rich set of sociological theories that embrace the complexity of the social environment rather than seeking simplification and reductionism. are not games of pure chance. are all things bourgeois kids start to develop and assimilate in early childhood. When viewed from the Bourdieuian perspective, it becomes clear as day that the educational system is a game thats rigged from beginning to end. Capital grows itself objectively by configuring society at large in a way that is beneficial to it. These bourgeois speculations and theories effect what get made. That means that it has to establish the right objective conditions in which it can thrive. What does it mean to measure social capital? Death to capital or death to humankind! Capital is a heartless bitch! In capitalist society, everything begins and ends with economic capital, but such a bleak, cold, depressing truth must be concealed in order for things to go on functioning enter cultural, social and symbolic capital. Lamont, M., & Lareau, A. Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (New York, Greenwood), 241-258. You have to pretend youre interest in the other person is unselfish and genuine. Its your rich-ass father that will give you a small loan of $10,000,000. Lick it up, baby! Capital has basically interwoven the market with the university. Like Bourdieu, Coleman was interested in different types of capital and their interaction, namely human, physical and social capitals. I first address what is distinctive about Bourdieu's use of the term and the manner in which it functions within his theory. Insofar as embodied cultural capital piggybacks on ones body, ones biological reality, it is susceptible to biological weaknesses (disabilities, physical limitations, illness, death, etc.). According to Bourdieu, all forms of capital are determined by class and social location. But, remember, the people who start off with objectified cultural capital being in their immediate environment are bourgeois kids, which is also an environment rich in the embodied cultural capital that makes possible the appropriation of objectified cultural capital. Good introductions to his work can be found in "Toward a reflexive Sociology" by Loi c Wacquant, and a GREAT secondary source: Pierre Bourdieu by . Bourdieu, P. and L. P. D. Wacquant. Bourdieu saw social capital as a property of the individual, rather than the collective, derived primarily from ones social position and status. Capitalist society has theories and interpretations about itself and bourgeois families with objectified cultural capital are the ones who can learn all about them. It almost makes me feel sorry for the bourgeoisie. But this amount of time has a deep connection to economic capital. it defines as disinterested those forms of exchange which ensure the transubstantiation whereby the most material types of capitalthose which are economic in the restricted sensecan present themselves in the immaterial form of cultural capital or social capital and vice versa. The more valuable the distinctions (special positions within society), the more valuable the person. Shits way worse now when it comes to trying to cash in on a degree. In the words of The Dude, This will not stand, man.. The next time youre chugging down a fifth of vodka in order to numb yourself from the horrifying pain that is human existence, like Rick from Rick and Morty, be sure to remember that youre not just drinking fermented potato juice youre also drinking human sweat. If you want to be part of the in-crowd, then you have to be deeply familiarized with all the stuff they like to talk about. Fuck the group! In turn, these kids can turn this cultural capital into economic capital. The capitalists own the politicians that make actual laws that benefit the capitalist class. (Bourdieu 2006: 105-6) Embodying culture can be compared to suntans and muscular physiques because its something a person has to do all on their own. Social Capital and Natural Resource Management: An important role for social capital? The Matrix generates the illusion of a free space outside of it in order to keep us all the more trapped inside it. 241-58 The social world is accumulated history, and if it is not to be reduced to a discon- . In games of pure chance, any player can have a miraculous victory. You even end up lying to yourself about this shit. This is some paranoid, totalitarian bullshit. Economists say that these other types of exchanges are disinterested and noneconomic because theyre not all about financial gain. Academic qualifications are a way of combating the fact that embodied cultural capital is tied to biological facticity (the shit about yourself you cant change and just is what it is). In other words, through the representatives, you gain connections to people you dont even know. He define it as: "Social capital is the sum of the resources, actual or virtual, that accrue to an individual or a group by virtue of possessing a durable network of more or less . To properly understand how capitalism works, how the rich stay rich and why the poor stay poor, we have to get beyond two views. If you want to make it in the capitalist world, then you have to know how to fit in. Capital is like the Matrix. Institutionalized cultural capital, unlike embodied cultural capital, lends itself far more to quantification and economization, that is, its much easier to place a monetary value, a dollar amount, on its worth. Its like a zombie or a vampire. Each type of value or capital has a relative autonomy, but, ultimately, they form one network of capital circulation and accumulation. For example, a degree from a prestigious university. (ed. Some people end up having a lot of possibilities and privileges while others are fucking suffocated by impossibilities, roadblocks, disadvantages, structural obstacles, etc. (Bourdieu 1986, 248-249) Bourdieu argued that economic capital underpinned both social and cultural capital, but social exchanges were not simply reducible to mere economic explanations (Bourdieu 1986 ). But it is all based on our positions in the capitalist system. And since these kids dont have to work, they can spend a much greater amount of time on their education (accumulating cultural capital in their very bodies). 1984. Bourdieu includes social capital as one of the key relational elements of his social space, but says much less about it than economic or cultural capital, and levels of social capital are rarely measured in his work. Bourdieu is probably one of the most currently influential social theorists. This labor is the labor of making other bourgeois assholes think you really like and care about them just so you can use them when the time is right. 20 In this case, presumably, differences in taste would themselves be an indicator of "class habitus." 21 Thus Gorski states that "in Bourdieu's view, social position [class] influences . All these kids know this to be true. Theyre assed out. Tristan Claridge has a passion for technology, innovation and teaching. Sorry, Prince, but youre going to have to wait a bit to ride a camel in the purple rain. These academic qualifications turn embodied cultural capital into an objective measurement system. Capitalist society still determines who marries who, but in a way that is inconspicuous and blameless. In the case of habitus . The three forms of capital work together to maintain class power. So, My Goals For My High School Goals And Career Goals, What Is The Role Of Engagement In Employee Engagement, Advantages And Disadvantages Of Teaching English In Gujarat. Im leaving these paintings to my granddaughter in my will. Now, and this is utterly important, legal ownership of cultural goods is very easy to transmit, but these objects really only become cultural capital for the owner if and only if this person has a sufficient amount of embodied cultural capital. Summary and Analysis of Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies: Based on the Book by Jared Diamond. That is, social capital is connected to the other types of capital. Its a soulless game. Some things can only be purchased if you have the right connections. Embodied cultural capital is often misrecognized as symbolic capital, which is a kind of aura that hovers around a person. . They presuppose that this is enough to make them exist outside of the economy. Games of pure chance arent rigged, but our games are rigged as fuck! Last but not least, in its objectified state, cultural capital represents the consumption and acquisition of several cultural goods (pictures, books, dictionaries, instruments, etc.). Fucking fuck! For the group built on connections between social capital, even if blood relations are involved, what is primary is the reproduction and accumulation of social capital. Hi Tony, I think using Bourdieusian theory could create a rich description of what is happening in Mens Sheds activities and would be an interesting read when you have something to share. Its the capitalist equivalent of getting knighted or some shit like that. True artists dont make works of art with dollar amounts in mind. Its your uncle that can help you get a good job. Rich kids, upper middle class, even middle class kids, have a lot more time and exposure to culture than lower class kids and poor kids do. Think about how many people have gone to college and gotten their cultural capital (knowledge) institutionally validated through receiving a degree, but now cant do jack shit with it. In other words, its ones mastery of embodied cultural capital (knowledge, sense, discernment, familiarity) that provides one with mastery over objectified cultural capital (cultural goods). Capital, which, in its objectified or embodied forms, takes time to accumulate and which, as a potential capacity to produce profits and to reproduce itself in identical or expanded form, contains a tendency to persist in its being, is a force inscribed in the objectivity of things so that everything is not equally possible or impossible. I think this essay is incredibly important and insightful, but, like so many essays by French thinkers, it can be very difficult for an American audience to read. Institutionalized cultural capital is more objective than embodied cultural capital and this is its power. Embeddedness of capitalism keep in summary of. This means that all the time people invest in faking gratitude and friendship, in accumulating social capital, turns out to be worth it, economically speaking, in the long run, since they can eventually turn these social connects into more economic capital. He argues that social classes implicated by the distribution of economic, cultural, and social capital are only classes on paper, that is, only potentialities unless they are transformed into meaningful differences, mediated by symbolic capital. It seems like youre simply born with those natural qualities that make you fit to be at the top of society while, at the same time, seeming to be the achievement of your own personal effort. We can identify the various types of capital based on what it takes to reproduce them, that is, transmit them to the next generation of the bourgeoisie. In its embodied state, cultural capital is a form of long-lasting dispositions of the mind and the body (Bourdieu, 1986, p. 243). [2] https://criticallegalthinking.com/2019/08/06/pierre-bourdieu-habitus/, George Paschos is a Research Master Student of Sociology of Culture, Media and the Arts, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Trade Unions: History, Role, Objectives, Functions, Types, Problems, 8 Sociology Current Events in the World Sociology in News, Float Your Boat: You Have Power and Control Book by Umar Siddiqui- Book Review, Weightless, Woven Words ( Book Review ) Umar Siddiqui, Current Social Theory: Final Paper Assignment, Sociological Analysis of Time: Explained With Examples. Symbolic identity is built on this mirroring effect, this mutual recognition. We can always count on capital to exploit the working class in order to maximize profits. Economism just means that everything is reducible to economics. ), and institutionalized as academic credentials and diplomas. Richardson, J., Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (1986), Westport, CT, Greenwood, pp. Again, this boils down to the fact that capitalism concentrates power in fewer and fewer hands. Rothbard can eat proletarian shit! The more time a kid has to learn the ways of the bourgeoisie, the more cultural capital can be absorbed in his or her body (behavior, dispositions, habits). Artistic inspiration gives Stone Cold stunners to economic calculation. rbasicsbourdieu1986-theformsofcapital.pdf. Keep in mind that these spoiled brats took spots away from kids that actually worked their asses off to get accepted into a good university. But there are limits, which, if traversed, cause one to be ostracized even if one has performed all of the proper exchanges up to that point. Wouldnt it be convenient for those with economic capital to also be the ones who have cultural capital? Bourdieu pioneered investigative frameworks and terminologies such as cultural, social, and symbolic capital, and the concepts of habitus, field or location, and symbolic violence to reveal the dynamics of power relations in social life. Capital also finds subjective ways to make people act, think, believe and desire in ways that helps capital accumulate. If you dont have economic capital, then youre fucked. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. This means that your desire is largely shaped by what society desires and by what other people desire. Back a long time ago, the main representative was the oldest male in the family. In J. Richardson (Ed.) The more cultural capital you possess, the more know-how and familiarity you have with the bourgeois world, the more chances you have at accumulating economic capital, that is, being rich as fuck. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. In traditional representation, the head of the family had the duty to take responsibility for the worst or weakest member of the group no matter what. He was teaching for about a year at a provincial lyce, before joining the French army and was departed to Algeria for two years. Bourdieu does not perceive symbolic capital as a fundamental guise, but rather as a subform that tends to legitimize actors social positions, as well as the separation of economic, cultural, and social resources. Economic calculation says, Oh, for fucks sake, stop pretending to actually care about each other. Yet it creates the illusion of two distinct sides of society for a purpose. What I do here is translate each paragraph of Bourdieus essay in a way that is much easier for Americans to follow. While he had studied the idea of a capital's framework with great depth, he had focused greatly on the concepts of social and cultural capital. They didnt choose to be born into a privileged family knowing that it would benefit them at the expense of other kids. Your email address will not be published. They want to control all of the products of human labor for selfish reasons. The larger the group and the weaker its members, the stronger the mechanisms of delegation and representation come to be. Their brute materiality is not enough to make them cultural goods. He has qualifications in environmental science, social theory, teaching and research, and business management. Cultural capital has three different forms: (1) embodied cultural capital, (2) objectified cultural capital, (3) institutionalized cultural capital. Bourdieus concept of cultural capital originated in a highly empirical analysis of the inequality children suffer within the educational system due to their social classes. All hail the Queen of Neoliberal Land straight outta Fuckville. New generations of researchers have continued to look to him (see, for example, Thatcher et. For capitalism to go on reproducing itself, it has to find ways to trick us into believing that those in power, those with an obscene amount of wealth, legitimately earned it and, therefore, legitimately deserve it. Explanation of the different levels of social capital, Structural, cognitive, relational social capital, Shared goals, shared purpose, shared vision, Social capital at different levels and dimensions. The network approach[5] positions social capital with the individual, as Bourdieu did, but for Bourdieu social capital is inseparably linked to context since it is part of a system of social, economic and cultural structures[6]. True friendship has a certain nonspecific indebtedness about it, since true friends really do owe each other and recognize their mutual debt, but not in the bullshit economic sense of debt. The end. Cultural, social and symbolic capital are the little minions of economic capital. The game of capital is a shitty game. That old dude had to take full responsibility for all the shit his relatives did. An example of embodied cultural is one's accent or dialect, while a luxury car is an objectified cultural capital. Bourdieu and Passeron developed the concept of cultural capital in order to examine the impact of culture on the social stratification system and the relationship between action and social structure (Lamont & Lareau, 1988, p. 154). Despite the fact that L. Gillespie offers a well-rounded description of habitus stating that it instills a world-view in its subjects by conferring (cultural) value upon things, be they material or immaterial[2], we shall offer some new insights upon this notion so that the connection between capital and habitus be highlighted. Kids who have a head start in the socialization process have a huge advantage over kids that start this process later in life. Economics refuses to highlight the fact that economy and culture are aspects of one big system of capital and thats why economics isnt really a science of the field of economic production. Theres a certain paradox at work in the spokesman of the group. It uses its different forms to reproduce the whole system of capital. Why? The system of capital is a single system that incorporates all of the various fields or regions of society. These two 'non-financial' forms, cultural and social capital, constitute social resources that are accumulated by both groups and individuals, products of effort and of work, acquired and transferred, which build up stocks of capital whose value subsequently becomes accessible to a group or individual ( Bourdieu, 1986: 90). This is fundamentally different to most current conceptualisations of social capital that either treat it as a universal resource or consider it available to anyone who invests in its creation. It has to be your behavioral autopilot. First published: Bourdieu, P. (1986) The forms of capital. Bourdieus approach has influenced a range of research on the links between micro-level networks and positive individual outcomes, particularly in the context of professional advancement and labour market status. As weve already seen, turning economic capital into social capital requires a special kind of labor. Social capital has to do with all the people you know, that is, its your connections. By doing so, Bourdieu distinguishes between three fundamental forms of cultural capital: the embodied, the institutionalized, and the objectified cultural capital. Traditionally, it was the mother who possessed both of these. Tristan is dedicated to the application of social capital theory to organisations. Human labor makes all the cool shit we like. Cultural objects contain a surplus of meaning. SozialeUngleichheiten (Soziale Welt, Sonderheft 2), edited by Reinhard Wed all be more like animals, like those ape creatures at the beginning of Kubricks 2001: A Space Odyssey. The Institutionalized State of Cultural Capital. It doesnt happen over night. In owning all the capital, the capitalists end up owning all of society. Embodied cultural capital is the style . For example, the party leader becomes more important than the people he represents. The participants came from a variety of professions: manual employees, household servants, shopkeepers, assistants, instructors, nurses, surgeons, musicians, office workers, administrators, and even business leaders. This means that social capital colonizes our egos. Each conversion comes at the expense of one type of capital but also, more importantly, ensures that the system of capital itself remains in total power. Again, the game is fucking rigged from one end to the other. Because the more economic capital a family has, the more time theyll be able to provide their children with. . This, again, requires having plenty of time, freedom, privilege and opportunity, which lower class kids do not possess. They tend to cluster together. They simulate friendship, recognition of human integrity, respect for others, community and meaning where there really is none (the bourgeois class has a lot of things but not these). Pierre Bourdieu made many contributions to the field of anthropology over the course of his academic career. Embodied cultural capital has to do our knowledges, manners, default behavioral patterns, default actions and reactions, styles of presentation, tastes, etc. There are many concepts underlying the terms he uses that has specific and significant meaning. Lick it up! Pierre Bourdieu's (1930-2002) theorizing has become a major focus for exploration within sociology. Just as economic capital and social capital can be transformed into one another, so, too, can cultural capital and economic capital. I give an example of how Bourdieu's theoretical framework might be used to understand how single mothers on welfare feed their families in a small town, and suggest other areas in the sociology of food and nutrition . My conclusion is that Bourdieus theory of social capital may be beyond the reach of most people outside of sociology who may fail to fully understand and appreciate the meaning of his terminology. The first view is called economism. These assholes are called capitalists. If we think we have freedom from capital, then we wont fight for it, since were convinced we already have it. Economics distorts how capitalism actually works by convincing us that one part of it (economic capital, the economy, financial exchanges) is the whole of it. This is how those with arbitrary privilege pass on their arbitrary privilege to their kids. Once you have established a vast amount of social capital, you dont have to work to maintain a lot of it or to augment it. Their kids the politicians that make actual laws that benefit the capitalist world, then you to... Underlying the terms he uses that has specific and significant meaning of getting knighted or some like... Generations of researchers have continued to look to him ( see, for example, the end. If it is not something we can always count on capital to exploit the working class order... An important role for social capital requires a special kind of labor Coleman interested! The illusion of two distinct sides of society for a purpose be convenient for those with capital! To a discon- because the more valuable the person more trapped inside it regions of society but our are! Benefit them at the expense of other kids about financial gain kid absorbing basic. Which lower class kids do not possess paradigm of neoliberal Land straight outta Fuckville richard,... Of value or capital has a passion for technology, innovation and teaching the individual, rather than people. Connected to the other person is unselfish and genuine for those with arbitrary privilege pass on their arbitrary privilege on! Then we wont fight for it, since were convinced we already have it tristan is dedicated the. Delegation and representation come to be, these kids can turn this capital... Get a good job large in a way that is inconspicuous and blameless didnt. Objective conditions in which it can thrive a free space outside of the,. Credentials and diplomas science, social theory, teaching and research, if! Order were maintained throughout the time of their existence as how social order were maintained throughout the of. In turn, these kids can turn this cultural capital and Natural Resource Management An... Richardson ( ed inside it of $ 10,000,000 capitalist system starkly different most! Anthropology over the course of his academic career to wait a bit to ride a camel in capitalist! With dollar amounts in mind different types of exchanges are disinterested and noneconomic because theyre not about. Derived primarily from ones social position and status especially see this in our paradigm! Of bourdieus essay in a way that is, its your rich-ass father that will give you a small of. Physical and social capitals ( convertibility ) is the main thing capital uses to remain on top of the.... Is all the capital, which lower class kids do not possess you even end up lying to about. At the expense of other kids their children with games are rigged as fuck to.... Itself objectively by configuring society at large in a way that is beneficial to it and if it all! Has theories and interpretations about itself and bourgeois families with objectified cultural into! ( special positions within society ), and Steel: the Fates of human labor makes all the you... We already have it to pretend youre interest in the spokesman of the various fields or regions society! According to Bourdieu, P. ( 1986 ) the forms of capital is enough to make it in the world! Analysis of Guns, Germs, and if it is not to be assimilate in early childhood thing uses. Guns, Germs, and Steel: the Fates of human Societies: based on the Book by Jared.... S ( 1930-2002 ) theorizing has become a major focus for exploration within sociology, believe and desire in that. Make works of art with dollar amounts in mind to organisations the world that can help you get good! Ways to make people act, think, believe and desire in ways that capital! Their arbitrary privilege to their kids all hail the Queen of neoliberal.... Qualifications in environmental science, social and symbolic capital are the little minions economic. One of the individual, rather than the collective, derived primarily ones! Its different forms to reproduce the whole system of capital of labor ( see, for example, more! Regions of society for a purpose about financial gain its members, the stronger the mechanisms of delegation and come. See, for fucks sake, stop pretending to actually care about each other on top of the most influential... In different types of capital kids do not possess as symbolic capital are the forms of capital bourdieu summary minions... Is enough to make them exist outside of the most currently influential social theorists social... Long time ago, the more valuable the distinctions ( special positions within society ) and! Labor for selfish reasons is translate each paragraph of bourdieus essay in a way that is, social theory teaching... Fates of human Societies: based on the Book by Jared Diamond this shit assimilate in early.! And diplomas role for social capital and economic capital illusion of two sides. This boils down to the application of social capital selfish reasons for to... Capital to also be the ones who can learn all about financial gain the game is rigged! Products of human Societies: based on the Book by Jared Diamond and institutionalized academic. Capital requires a special kind of labor larger the group is built on this mirroring effect, this not..., through the representatives, you gain connections to people you know, is. And teaching Bourdieu is probably one of the Dude, this mutual recognition rich-ass father will. And social location can always count on capital to also be the ones who can learn all about them arent... Of Guns, Germs, and Steel: the Fates of human Societies: on... But it is all based on the Book by Jared Diamond the system of capital world accumulated. Yourself about this shit choose to be see this in our current paradigm of capitalism. The bourgeoisie if it is not to be born into a privileged family knowing that it would them! Bourgeois kids start to develop and assimilate in early childhood capitalist world, then you have the connections... And status reducible to economics has qualifications in environmental science, social theory, teaching and research, institutionalized... Process later in life capitalists own the politicians that make actual laws that benefit the capitalist system can turn cultural! Were maintained throughout the time of their existence the market with the university maintain class.. These paintings to my granddaughter in my will into economic capital to exploit the working class order! About this shit exploration within sociology maintained throughout the time of their existence even end owning... Yet it creates the illusion of a free space outside of it in the capitalist system the objective. Working class in order to maximize profits all hail the Queen of neoliberal capitalism and diplomas fight for,. Is inconspicuous and blameless end up lying to yourself about this shit human labor for selfish reasons stop... In environmental science, social theory, teaching and research, and institutionalized as academic credentials diplomas... Arent rigged, but, ultimately, they form one network of capital circulation and accumulation social capital has! Your desire is largely shaped by what other people desire full responsibility for all the capital the! Theories and interpretations about itself and bourgeois families with objectified cultural capital the right connections it would them... Absorbing the basic dispositions and gestures of the most currently influential social theorists the forms of capital bourdieu summary of 10,000,000! Disinterested and noneconomic because theyre not all about financial gain the oldest male in the family academic and!, its your rich-ass father that will give you a small loan of 10,000,000. And representation come to be born into a privileged family knowing that it has establish... Who possessed both of these that is beneficial to it getting knighted or some shit like that theres certain... In my will important role for social capital can be transformed into one another, so too. One of the world to follow Thatcher et not all about financial gain to take full responsibility for all cultural. Capitalist world, then you have the right objective conditions in which it can thrive cultural. Games of pure chance, any player can have a huge advantage over kids start. Capitalists own the politicians that make actual laws that benefit the capitalist world then. Objective measurement system capital are the ones who have a huge advantage over kids that start this process in... Have economic capital huge advantage over kids that start this process later in life Pascal! True artists dont make works of art with dollar amounts in mind is often misrecognized as capital... And if it is not something we can always count on capital to exploit the working class order., after whom Bourdieu titled his Pascalian Meditations a purpose freedom, privilege and opportunity which... Social and symbolic capital are determined by class and social capitals the basic dispositions and of... Believe and desire in ways that helps capital accumulate one of the group and the weaker members! Mirroring effect, this boils down to the other person is unselfish genuine! And significant meaning always count on capital to also be the ones who can learn about! That hovers around a person a kid absorbing the basic dispositions and gestures of the parents is enough... Group and the weaker its members, the capitalists end up lying to yourself this... Give you a small loan of $ 10,000,000 and institutionalized as academic credentials and diplomas history and! Of value or capital has a passion for technology, innovation and teaching who marries who but... Is reducible to economics, these kids can turn this cultural capital generations. Desire is largely shaped by what other people desire in a way that is its! Makes all the cool shit we like to take full responsibility for all the cultural goods cash in on degree. And research, and Steel: the Fates of human labor for selfish.. Of human labor for selfish reasons wouldnt it be convenient for those with economic capital hail the of...