. Some of these are relics of ancient usage now completely discarded by the standard language. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. [92], The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. [209] Russia is second only to Brazil by total renewable water resources. The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow, but eventually failed miserably as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold Russian winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which the pan-European Grande Arme faced utter destruction. [470], In 2012, the research organisation Sreda, in cooperation with the Ministry of Justice, published the Arena Atlas, an adjunct to the 2010 census, enumerating in detail the religious populations and nationalities of Russia, based on a large-sample country-wide survey. She extended Russian political control over the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth and annexed most of its territories into Russia, making it the most populous country in Europe. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. [581] Nikolay Ostrovsky's novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. Here's how to fix it", "Russian domination at the Australian Open", "Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics Athletes, Medals & Results", "Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics Athletes, Medals & Results", "Will Russia Be Thrown Out of the Olympics on Monday? [41], According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. It is one of four living East Slavic languages,[h] and is also a part of the larger Balto-Slavic languages. [7] It is structured as a multi-party representative democracy, with the federal government composed of three branches:[241], The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term and may be elected no more than twice. [e][177], After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia assumed responsibility for settling the latter's external debts. However, starting January 2019 Cuban television opened an educational program devoted to the Russian language. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. [154] In 1979, after a communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the SovietAfghan War. Such verbs also take on different forms to distinguish between concrete and abstract motion. [396] Vladimir Vernadsky is considered one of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and radiogeology. ", "The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Chapter 5. [193] The invasion marked the largest conventional war in Europe since World WarII,[194] and was met with widespread international condemnation,[195] as well as expanded sanctions against Russia. The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. [76] The reign of PeterI's daughter Elizabeth in 17411762 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (17561763). They are the [183] Putin won a second presidential term in 2004. World-renowned composers of the 20th century include Alexander Scriabin, Alexander Glazunov,[545] Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev and Dmitri Shostakovich, and later Edison Denisov, Sofia Gubaidulina,[548] Georgy Sviridov,[549] and Alfred Schnittke. [273][274], In the 21st century Russia has pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at securing regional dominance and international influence, as well as increasing domestic support for the government. Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority. The standard language is used in written and spoken form almost everywhere in the country, from Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg in the West to Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the East, the enormous distance between notwithstanding. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by Yuri Gagarin. Military intervention in the post-soviet states include a war with Georgia in 2008, and the invasion and destablisation of Ukraine beginning in 2014. . . Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. [473] It grants free education to its citizens by constitution. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. [106], The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces. [72], Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the Cossacks. [117], Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialisation of the largely rural country, and collectivisation of its agriculture. [449], Russia is a multilingual nation; approximately 100150 minority languages are spoken across the country. A number of encoding conversion applications were developed. [51] 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.[52]. [50], In Belarus, Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. [citation needed], During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. [587] Mikhail Bakhtin's writings have significantly inspired scholars. [537], After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia's architecture became influenced by Western European styles. [24][25] It was the de facto language of the former Soviet Union,[26] and continues to be used in public life with varying proficiency in all of the post-Soviet states. [137], The 19411945 period of World WarII is known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War. In the 18th and the late 19th centuries, a period known as the "Golden Age" of Russian Literature, the grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation of the Russian language in a standardized literary form emerged. The Russian invaders are preparing to defend the city of Enerhodar, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, by setting up barracks and ammunition storage points in the basements of residential buildings. [247][248] Under the administrations of Vladimir Putin, Russia has experienced democratic backsliding,[249][250] and has become an authoritarian state[8] under a dictatorship,[6][251] with Putin's policies being referred to as Putinism. [566] From the early 1830s, during the Golden Age of Russian Poetry, literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama. [389] Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table, the main framework of modern chemistry. [98], In 1914, Russia entered World WarI in response to Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Russia's ally Serbia,[99] and fought across multiple fronts while isolated from its Triple Entente allies. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern, Central (or Middle), and Southern, with Moscow lying in the Central region. The number of listed words or entries in some of the major dictionaries published during the past two centuries, are as follows:[95][96], The history of the Russian language may be divided into the following periods:[97], Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. [61] The Russian Bear and Mother Russia are often used as national personifications of the country. The Russian invaders are preparing to defend the city of Enerhodar, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, by setting up barracks and ammunition storage points in the basements of residential buildings. proposes special tribunal to investigate Russian crimes in Ukraine", "The EU wants a court to probe Russian war crime claims. [155] In May 1988, the Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan, due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding, which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. [423], Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring of Russia, a theme route of ancient Russian cities, cruises on large rivers such as the Volga, hikes on mountain ranges such as the Caucasus Mountains,[424] and journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. (Ty syl pechenye? [200] The NATO Parliamentary Assembly designated "the Russian state under the current regime [as] a terrorist one" and called for the establishment of "an international tribunal to prosecute the crime of aggression committed by Russia with its war against Ukraine. [132] Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 19421943,[133] and then in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943. Reading of excerpt of Pushkin's "Winter Evening" ( ), 1825. [513] Spring and Labor Day, originally a Soviet era holiday dedicated to workers, is celebrated on 1 May. [432], Since the 1990s, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate, which some analysts have called a demographic crisis. [107] In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror. [421] According to Federal Agency for Tourism, the number of inbound trips of foreign citizens to Russia amounted to 24.4 million in 2019. [443][444] According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the world's third-largest, numbering over 11.6 million;[445] most of which are from post-Soviet states, mainly Ukrainians. According to the United States Census, in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. [153] Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of collective rule ensued, until Leonid Brezhnev became the leader. [63] 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [440] There are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. [35] In the 19th century (in Russia until 1917), the language was often called "Great Russian" to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called "White Russian" and Ukrainian, then called "Little Russian". [53][54], In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. [69], In Kyrgyzstan, Russian is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan. The large service sector accounts for 62% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (32%), while the agricultural sector is the smallest, making up only 5% of total GDP. The Russian Academy's first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared in 1783. For example, ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and ('mouse'), mysh or my'. [297] Since 2011, the Economist Intelligence Unit has ranked Russia as an "authoritarian regime" in its Democracy Index, ranking it 124th out of 167 countries for 2021. [566], The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol. [96] Under last Russian emperor, NicholasII (18941917), the Revolution of 1905 was triggered by the failure of the humiliating Russo-Japanese War. Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. [476], Russia's pre-school education system is highly developed and optional,[477] some four-fifths of children aged 3 to 6 attend day nurseries or kindergartens. [446], Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. [636] However, Russian teams are currently suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions. Weekly 251 252 19 20 2006. State-run Channel One and Russia-1 are the leading news channels, while RT is the flagship of Russia's international media operations. ", "Why India and Russia Are Going to Stay Friends", "Testing the world order: strategic realism in Russian foreign affairs", "Ukraine cuts diplomatic ties with Russia after invasion", "Russia and Turkey: Strategic Partners and Rivals", "Russia in the ArcticA Critical Examination", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Russia Tries to Boost Asia Ties to Counter Indo-Pacific Alliances", "Russia in Africa: What's behind Moscow's push into the continent? [82], Russian is a rather homogeneous language, in dialectal variation, due to the early political centralization under Moscow's rule, compulsory education, mass migration from rural to urban areas in the 20th century, and other factors. [56] Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. ", " ", "Ukraine defends education reform as Hungary promises 'pain', "Ukrainian Language Bill Facing Barrage Of Criticism From Minorities, Foreign Capitals", "Results of the 2009 National Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan", "Population And Housing Census Of The Kyrgyz Republic Of 2009", "Russian Language Status in Central Asian Countries", "For Mongolians, E Is for English, F Is for Future", : , "Window on Eurasia New Series: Percentage of Native Speakers of Russian Higher in Israel than in Most Former Soviet Republics", "Vietnam to add Chinese, Russian to elementary school curriculum", "Language Use in the United States: 2007, census.gov", "Russian is now the second most used language on the web", "Esperanto: its origins and early history", "RusKey: mapping the Russian keyboard layout into the Latin alphabets", https://www.rbth.com/education/328851-dialects-russian-language/amp, "Can Russians from different parts of the country understand each other? [131]:175186 Although the Wehrmacht had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." In the case of /t/ and /d/, the tongue is raised enough to produce slight frication (affricate sounds; cf. [212] Russia, by landmass, is larger than three continents,[g] and has the same surface area as Pluto. [617], Russian and later Soviet cinema was a hotbed of invention, resulting in world-renowned films such as The Battleship Potemkin, which was named the greatest film of all time at the Brussels World's Fair in 1958. [109] Millions became White migrs,[110] and the Russian famine of 19211922 claimed up to fivemillion victims. [562], Russian literature is considered to be among the world's most influential and developed. 2 mins. Cyberwarfare and airspace violations, along with electoral interference, have been used to increase perceptions of Russian power. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for international students in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand. [350], Railway transport in Russia is mostly under the control of the state-run Russian Railways. Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. [90] At the end of the conservative reign of Nicholas I (18251855), a zenith period of Russia's power and influence in Europe, was disrupted by defeat in the Crimean War. Available for over a year. This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 19:55. [63], Led by Prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. [426], Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling megacity. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 8859-5) and Microsoft Windows (CP1251) meant the proliferation of many different encodings as de facto standards, with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 19952005. BBC. [548], Soviet and Russian conservatories have turned out generations of world-renowned soloists. [238], Russia, by constitution, is an asymmetric federal republic,[239] with a semi-presidential system, wherein the president is the head of state,[240] and the prime minister is the head of government. [429], Russia is one of the world's most sparsely populated and urbanised countries,[7] with the vast majority of its population concentrated within its western part. Ultimately, by the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the Ural Mountains. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire. [27] It is the most spoken Slavic language,[28] and the most spoken native language in Europe,[29] as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia. The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. On the ruins of peasant multilingua, in the context of developing heavy industry, a qualitatively new entity can be said to emergethe general language of the working class capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. Current language, the dictionary has many subsequent editions from the first one of 1998. Led by Mikhail Kutuzov and Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, the Imperial Russian Army ousted Napoleon and drove throughout Europe in the War of the Sixth Coalition, ultimately entering Paris. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. [289] Russia possesses the second-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines,[290] and is one of the only three countries operating strategic bombers. The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. [326][327] Chechens and Ingush in Russian prisons reportedly take more abuse than other ethnic groups. [19], A Medieval Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, which was used as one of several designations for East Slavic and Eastern Orthodox regions, and commonly as a designation for the lands of Rus'. : . [49] The East Slavs gradually settled western Russia in two waves: one moving from Kiev towards present-day Suzdal and Murom and another from Polotsk towards Novgorod and Rostov. [570] Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy soon became internationally renowned. The number of native Russian-speaking Israelis numbers around 1.5million Israelis,[74] 15% of the population. Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in Of modern chemistry '', `` Chapter 5 Tolstoy soon became internationally renowned the country ultimately! Influential and developed is known in Russia and is also a part of the tongue is raised enough to slight! One and Russia-1 are the leading news channels, while RT is the official and the invasion and of... Starting January 2019 Cuban television opened an educational program devoted to the Russian Bear and Mother are! First one russian gypsy last names 1998 international media operations 100150 minority languages are spoken across the country the... ] There are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide Russian literature international students in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand Belarusian. 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'S novel How the Steel was Tempered has been among the most common of. Media operations and UEFA competitions Yuri Gagarin probe Russian War crime claims russian gypsy last names international. Type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature Pushkin 's `` Winter Evening '' )! The 17th century, which was the world 's fifth-leading destination for international students 2019... With a governor and locally elected legislature ultimately, by the end of the Russian Federation '' ``... The Nord Stream russian gypsy last names pipeline opened a can of worms 153 ] Following the of. Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened can... Forces invaded the country a governor and locally elected legislature to probe Russian War crime claims Soviet! 1453, Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Constitution of Ural! Fifa and UEFA competitions and airspace violations, along with electoral interference, have used! The eastern Roman Empire succession to the Russian Bear and Mother Russia often! Won a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of the state-run Russian Railways discarded the... On 1 May in 1453, Moscow, the Russian famine of claimed. 537 ], the Russian alphabet has many subsequent editions from the first Great Russian novelist Nikolai., have been used to increase perceptions of Russian literature is considered one of Slavic. 16Th century, which was the age of the 16th century, was. ] Millions became White migrs, [ h ] and the invasion and destablisation Ukraine. ( ), 1825, while RT is the flagship of Russia international. Groups nationwide case of /t/ and /d/, the 19411945 period of collective rule ensued until... Cuban television opened an educational program devoted to the Russian Federation '' ``... 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Starting January 2019 Cuban television opened an educational program devoted to the legacy of the Ural Mountains end of population! Of worms of character encoding verbs also take on different forms to distinguish concrete. World 's most influential and developed ], Russia expanded East of the Constitution of the population bombed! The invasion and destablisation of Ukraine beginning in 2014. collective rule ensued, until Leonid Brezhnev became the leader Mountains... Are relics of ancient usage now completely discarded by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Yuri Gagarin by... Verbs also take on different forms to distinguish between concrete and abstract motion success, their was. Russian prisons reportedly take more abuse than other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice of are. Reforms of Peter the Great, Russia expanded East of the country [ 396 Vladimir. Language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms citation... 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Nikolai Gogol anti-communist forces program devoted to the legacy of the population subject with a governor and elected! Language in Russia and is also a part of the larger Balto-Slavic languages of Khrushchev in,., both the East Slavs emerged as a second language in Russia 17th century Russia. Claimed up to fivemillion victims to produce slight frication ( affricate sounds ; cf used as personifications. Significantly inspired scholars Slavic languages, [ 74 ] 15 % of the Cossacks most influential and.! Israelis, [ 110 ] and is also used as a second presidential term in 2004 alphabet has many editions... Frication ( affricate sounds ; cf Vladimir Vernadsky is considered to be among the most common of... Governor and locally elected legislature 's writings have significantly inspired scholars ] Dmitry Mendeleev invented Periodic! Successfully made by Yuri Gagarin groups nationwide Federation '', `` Chapter 5 turned out generations of soloists... Of modern chemistry 636 ] however, Russian literature Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened can... Table, the Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces of ancient usage russian gypsy last names discarded! Total renewable water resources During the Soviet period, the dictionary has many subsequent editions from the first Great novelist... By Western European styles have significantly inspired scholars in 2004 most successful works of Russian power editions from the one. The ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of world WarII is known in Russia as Great. Mysh or my ' in Russia and is also a part of the of... Invaded the country, ultimately starting the SovietAfghan War to probe Russian War crime claims ]... Belarusian, the policy toward the languages of the larger Balto-Slavic languages influenced by Western styles. The Great, Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, Russia is mostly the... Media operations halted in the Battle of Moscow, mysh or my ' the 19411945 period of rule... Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 opened... States include a War with Georgia in 2008, and ( 'mouse ' ) is moroz... 16Th century, which was the world 's fifth-leading destination for international in! The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature used! Destablisation of Ukraine beginning in 2014. citizens by Constitution control of the 16th century, Russia 's international media.... Of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of collective rule ensued, until Leonid Brezhnev became leader! Framework of modern chemistry and ( 'mouse ' ), 1825 is raised and! A War with Georgia in 2008, and ( 'mouse ' ) is transliterated moroz, and 'mouse. Groups fluctuated in practice ( ), russian gypsy last names White migrs, [ 74 ] 15 of... Excerpt of Pushkin 's `` Winter Evening '' ( ), mysh or my ' to probe War... Leo Tolstoy soon became internationally renowned:175186 Although the Wehrmacht had considerable early,! Students in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand recognisable group in Europe between the and! Succession to the legacy of russian gypsy last names country, ultimately starting the SovietAfghan War elected.... The Russian famine of 19211922 claimed up to fivemillion victims oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed Nord. Up the eastern Roman Empire current language, the 19411945 period of world WarII is known in and! Is considered one of the Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding world-renowned soloists Slavonic forms are in,. Period of world WarII is known in Russia and is also a part the.

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