[24] Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano and erupts around 10 times each day. However, there have been instances of these rules being broken, like when Argentina performed military maneuvers on Antarctican land. OGD. The land was discovered in 1840 by a French Explorer Jules Dumont D'Urville, who named it after his wife. [138], The pressure group Greenpeace established a base on Ross Island from 1987 to 1992 as part of its attempt to establish the continent as a World Park. [51] The Drake Passage opened between Antarctica and South America around 30 Ma, resulting in the creation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that completely isolated the continent. As of April 2010, 17 additional nations (Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Finland . Other plants found in Antarctica during the Permian include Cordaitales, sphenopsids, ferns, and lycophytes. Glaciologists study the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. 10 Most Beautiful And Amazing Airports In The World ! Learning geography is one of the most important aspects of human knowledge. COUNTRIES A - K COUNTRIES L - Z CONTINENTS: Africa Antarctica Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Why it is important to know other countries, capitals and famous places? [162] One month later, the doomed Terra Nova Expedition reached the pole. Flight delays are less painful inside a gorgeous, well-designed airport. The answer to this question weve already talked about, there are seven countries that claim one area each as their own, the exception being Norway which claims two territories: Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land. The interior is dryer and receives less than 50mm (2in) per year, whereas the coastal regions typically receive more than 200mm (8in). If youre looking for a weekend getaway in the desert, you cant go wrong with the jewel of Arizona. [21] There are numerous islands surrounding Antarctica, most of which are volcanic and very young by geological standards. They are vulnerable to warming water, which has caused large ice shelves to collapse into the ocean. Nearly all of Antarctica's surface is covered by ice to an average depth of 1.9km (1.2mi; 6,200ft). The widely recognized all the 7 continents are listed by size below, from biggest to smallest. [131][132] The prevalence of highly resilient creatures in such inhospitable areas could further bolster the argument for extraterrestrial life in cold, methane-rich environments. Heavy snowfalls are common on the coastal portion of Antarctica, where snowfalls of up to 1.22m (48in) in 48 hours have been recorded. Camping Under the Stars. [2] As such, a number of notable ice features have been described on the continent. Several dependent territories include sub-Antarctic islands north of 60S. 359. [5] The Greek geographer Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his world map from the second century CE, now lost. vThe United States, Peru, Russia, and South Africa have all reserved their right to claim territory in the future. Ethiopia, the hottest country in the world, is located in Africa. [187], The Argentine, British, and Chilean claims overlap and have caused friction. Smaller forms of life, such as sea cucumbers and free-swimming snails also found in both polar oceans. [147], The First Russian Antarctic Expedition, led by Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on the 985-ton sloop-of-war Vostok and the 530-ton support vessel Mirny, reached a point within 32km (20mi) of Queen Maud Land and recorded sighting an ice shelf at .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}692128S 21450W / 69.35778S 2.24722W / -69.35778; -2.24722. This picture is taken from the area where I went to high school. [170], The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. [199] The primary response by Antarctic Treaty parties has been to develop guidelines that set landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites. [189] The UK passed some of the areas it claimed to Australia and New Zealand after they achieved independence. [168][note 6] In the summer of 19961997, Norwegian explorer Brge Ousland became the first person to cross Antarctica alone from coast to coast, helped by a kite on parts of the journey. ", "Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen", "The Foreign Secretary has announced that the southern part of British Antarctic Territory has been named Queen Elizabeth Land", "Argentina angry after Antarctic territory named after Queen", "Antarctica: The Madrid Protocol 25 Years On", Australian Institute of International Affairs, "IAATO Antarctic visitor figures 20192020", "Tourism and Non-Governmental Activities", "A history of McMurdo Station through its architecture", "Science Goals: Celebrating a Century of Science and Exploration", "Finding Meteorite Hotspots in Antarctica", "Science from the Sky: NASA Renews Search for Antarctic Meteorites", "2: The Geology and Geomorphology of Antarctica", Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, "Fungi of the Antarctic: evolution under extreme conditions", Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarctica&oldid=1133467430, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1, Articles containing Middle French (ca. Under the treaty, mining, military use, dumping, and nuclear testing are all banned. The region covers 2,000 square kilometers and consists of ice-free land along the coastal areas. While France laid claim to a portion of the continent in 1840, the majority of claims wouldn't come until the early-to-mid 1900s, courtesy of the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Norway, Australia, Chile, Argentina, and Germany. A little-known fact about Antarctica is that it is the largest desert on Earth. [122], The same features can be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that they are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. [150][151], On 22 January 1840, two days after the discovery of the coast west of the Balleny Islands, some members of the crew of the 18371840 expedition of the French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville disembarked on the Dumoulin Islands, off the coast of Adlie Land, where they took some mineral, algae, and animal samples erected the French flag and claimed French sovereignty over the territory. The common invertebrates in this Antarctic region include nematodes, springtails, mites and rotifers. [20], East Antarctica comprises Coats Land, Queen Maud Land, Enderby Land, Mac. Although Antarctica is a continent, there is no official country within the landmass. Holy See and the State of Palestine are the non-member observer states. [153] The British naval officer James Clark Ross failed to realise that what he referred to as "the various patches of land recently discovered by the American, French and English navigators on the verge of the Antarctic Circle" were connected to form a single continent. Subregion Currency; Australia: 25,088,636: 7.692 million km: $63,052: Canberra [40][41] Ammonites were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only a few Antarctic dinosaur genera (Cryolophosaurus and Glacialisaurus, from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of the Transantarctic Mountains,[42] and Antarctopelta, Trinisaura, Morrosaurus and Imperobator from Late Cretaceous of the Antarctic Peninsula) have been described. Many people stationed in Antarctica are doing environmental research living at a research base. Where vegetation occurs, it is mostly in the form of lichen or moss. [75] Conversely, the South Pole, located in East Antarctica, barely warmed during much of the 20th century, but temperatures rose three times the global average between 1990 and 2020. All commercial whaling is banned in the zone, though Japan has continued to hunt whales in the area, ostensibly for research purposes. This total comprises 193 countries that are members of the UN and 2 countries that are non-members observer states which include the Holy See and Palestine. Antarctica. [1] While a few of these countries have mutually recognised each other's claims,[186] the validity of the claims is not recognised universally. [79] A main component of climate variability in Antarctica is the Southern Annular Mode (a low-frequency mode of atmospheric variability of the Southern Hemisphere), which showed strengthened winds around Antarctica in the summer of the later decades of the 20th century, associated with cooler temperatures over the continent. Others are either turning a blind eye to such activities in order to maintain the status quo or performing some illicit activities themselves. They are: New Zealand Australia France Norway UK Chile Argentina So what interest do they have taking a piece of this remote continent? [154][155][156][note 5] The American explorer Mercator Cooper landed on East Antarctica on 26 January 1853. [107] The 1987 Montreal Protocol has restricted the emissions of ozone-depleting substances. Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. Skiing on Snowy Mountains. Let us know more about the continent. Specially protected areas cover less than 2% of the area and provide better protection for animals with popular appeal than for less visible animals. The Antarctica labeled map, shows a land area of fourteen million square kilometers. [82], Sea ice extent expands annually during the Antarctic winter, but most of it melts in the summer. One of the lichen species found in the area is the Buellia Frigida. The ice was being held back by a "thread" of ice about 6km (4mi) wide,[89][90] prior to its collapse in 2009. After the initial treaty, there were some others that followed suit, protecting marine and all other kinds of life on the continent, particularly seals and prohibiting mineral extraction. For a list of them, see List of volcanoes in Antarctica. The largest countries by area are Canada with 9,984,670 km, the United States with 9,833,517 km, followed by Brazil with 8,515,770 km and Argentina with 2,780,400 km. Antarctica (/ntrktk/ (listen))[note 1] is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Some nature conservation groups have expressed concern over the potential adverse effects caused by the influx of visitors and have called for limits on the size of visiting cruise ships and a tourism quota. Ash from eruptions has been found 300 kilometres (190mi) from the volcanic crater. A list of Antarctic ice shelves can be found at List of Antarctic ice shelves. [35], The continued warming dried out much of Gondwana. Situated on the underside of the globe, no continent can be further south than Antarctica. Telephone. Written by. Collaboration, work enquires or just say hello..ld_button_63c851c602e73.btn-icon-solid .btn-icon{background:rgb(255, 255, 255);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73.btn-icon-circle.btn-icon-ripple .btn-icon:before{border-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73.btn-icon-solid:hover .btn-icon{background:rgb(46, 46, 46);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73 .btn-icon{font-size:15px;}.ld_button_63c851c602e73{background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(0, 0, 0);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73:hover{background-color:rgb(46, 46, 46);border-color:rgb(46, 46, 46);color:rgb(255, 252, 252);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73 .btn-gradient-bg-hover{background:-webkit-linear-gradient(to right, rgb(46, 46, 46) 0%, rgb(46, 46, 46) 100%);background:linear-gradient(to right, rgb(46, 46, 46) 0%, rgb(46, 46, 46) 100%);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73 .btn-gradient-border defs stop:first-child{stop-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73 .btn-gradient-border defs stop:last-child{stop-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73:hover .btn-gradient-border defs stop:first-child{stop-color:rgb(46, 46, 46);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73:hover .btn-gradient-border defs stop:last-child{stop-color:rgb(46, 46, 46);}.ld_button_63c851c602e73 {font-size:14px; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {line-height:1.5em; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {--element-line-height:1.5em; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {font-weight:600; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {letter-spacing:0.02em; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {font-size:14px; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {line-height:1.5em; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {--element-line-height:1.5em; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {font-weight:600; } .ld_button_63c851c602e73 {letter-spacing:0.02em; } [145], The first person to see Antarctica or its ice shelf was long thought to have been the British sailor Edward Bransfield, a captain in the Royal Navy, who discovered the tip of the Antarctic peninsula on 30 January 1820. NA. This is further divided into ice-free area of 280,000 square kilometers and ice-covered area of 13,72 square kilometers. There is great diversity between the sizes of each and we can find the small Vatican (0.44 km 2 ), Monaco (0.44 km 2 ), San Marino (61.2 km 2 ), Liechtenstein (160 km 2 ) and the Principality of Andorra (468 km 2 ). [195] Over 74,000 tourists visited the region during the 2019/2020 season, of which 18,500 travelled on cruise ships but did not leave them to explore on land. Argentina. [92], Antarctica contains about 90% of the world's ice. Territorial claims in Antarctica include all lands and each and every ice shelf under the 60th parallel south, or it is at least how the Antarctic Treaty deals with the aforementioned claims. .ld_social_icons_63c851c60397a a{width: !important;height: !important;}.ld_social_icons_63c851c60397a li a{color:!important;border-color:!important;background-color:!important;}.ld_social_icons_63c851c60397a li a:hover{border-color:!important;color:!important;background-color:!important;}.ld_custom_menu_63c851c603cdd > ul > li > a{color:rgb(255, 255, 255);}.ld_custom_menu_63c851c603cdd > ul > li:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:6px;}.lqd-stickybar > .lqd-head-col > .header-module > .ld_custom_menu_63c851c603cdd li{margin-inline-start:6px;}.ld_custom_menu_63c851c603cdd > ul > li > a:hover, .ld_custom_menu_63c851c603cdd li.is-active > a{color:rgb(36, 154, 145);} Geological standards passed some of the world 's ice instances of these rules being broken, like when Argentina military! 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