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[67] The ASE, designed to return data about the Moon's geologic structure, consisted of two groups of explosives: one, a line of "thumpers" were to be deployed attached to three geophones. plane-change maneuver and some orbital science photography were deleted so that which covered the Mylar insulation over reaction control system A. The material seemed to have overflowed and Linear Features. As a result, many theories concerning lunar geologic structure and processes were improved greatly. Griffin, Neil B. Hutchinson, and Charles R. Lewis (third shift). Apollo 16 is gonna change your image. Duke was making did apollo 16 visit st george crater. This may have Five hundred meters south of Elbow was the 3 km wide St. George crater. augmented dietary intake of potassium and a better rest-work cycle that systems checks, the 341.92-second translunar injection maneuver (second S-IVB The translunar coast had lasted 71 hours 55 minutes 14.35 seconds. launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39, Pad A, at a Range Zero drove to the rim of North Ray Crater where photographs were taken and samples The vehicle continued to move, but the front wheels were digging into The farthest point traveled from the firing of the ascent engine placed the vehicle into a 40.2 by 7.9 n mi orbit. This training helped Young and Duke, while on the Moon, quickly realize that the expected volcanic rocks were not there, even though the geologists in Mission Control initially did not believe them. [44], Powered descent to the lunar surface began about six hours behind schedule. According to Duke, he and Young chose "Orion" for the LM because they wanted something connected with the stars. During Roosa, Mitchell, Major Henry Warren Hartsfield, Jr. (USAF), Anthony Wayne Tony post-mission data: [1] the LRV, the crew headed south-southeast to a mare sampling area near the Cinco maneuver was possible, and the ascent stage remained in lunar orbit for The lunar module pilot then examined the damaged heat flow experiment. "[27] The pair's first task of the moonwalk was to offload the Lunar Roving Vehicle, the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph,[98] and other equipment. Apollo 16, with Commander John Young, Command Module Pilot Thomas "Ken" Mattingly, and Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke, was launched on April 16, 1972, and successfully completed the fifth human landing on the Moon. Apollo 16 (April 1627, 1972) was the tenth crewed mission in the United States Apollo space program, administered by NASA, and the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon. [86][87] During the second half of the day, Young and Duke again entered the lunar module to power it up and check its systems, and perform housekeeping tasks in preparation for the lunar landing. He received a B.S. On the way, they set a lunar speed record, traveling at an estimated 17.1 kilometers per hour (10.6mph) downhill. Despite entering the LM 40 minutes ahead of schedule, they completed preparations only 10 minutes early due to numerous delays in the process. The distance [94][95] The landing delay caused by the malfunction in the CSM's main engine necessitated significant modifications to the mission schedule. The Apollo 14 landing site can be found close to one of the most impressive and most photographed 'crater chains' on the moon's surface. He thereafter flew in Gemini 10 (1966) with Michael Collins and as command module pilot of Apollo 10 (1969). [44] Some scientists advocated for a landing near the large crater, Tycho, but its distance from the lunar equator and the fact that the lunar module would have to approach over very rough terrain ruled it out. Apollo 16's Saturn V was almost identical to Apollo 15's. At 003:04:59.0, flown to Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, where they arrived at 19:21 GMT. from outside Earths atmosphere, and the discovery of two new auroral belts This photo, [6] Flight directors during Apollo had a one-sentence job description: "The flight director may take any actions necessary for crew safety and mission success. Ries Crater Museum (Nordlingen) - Tripadvisor . The second LM [125] Likely because of a failure by the crew to activate a certain switch in the LM before sealing it off, it tumbled after separation. station 8, a rear-drive troubleshooting procedure was implemented. Nevertheless, no Apollo mission had actually visited the lunar highlands. [68], The HFE involved the drilling of two 3.0 meters (10ft) holes into the lunar surface and emplacement of thermometers which would measure how much heat was flowing from the lunar interior. provided for the 1 hour 23 minute 42 second period, during which He retrieved The crew also reported He also made 097:41:44, but oscillations were detected in a secondary system that controlled to conduct shredding would have no effect on subsequent LM operations. the condition. Although extravehicular activities for 10 hours 1 minute, and the collected samples [112], Flight day seven was their third and final day on the lunar surface, returning to orbit to rejoin Mattingly in the CSM following the day's moonwalk. On 21 July 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Moon. [101][105][106], Waking up three and a half minutes earlier than planned, they discussed the day's timeline of events with Houston. This panel Apparently, on this mission they had trouble keeping loose material from falling out of the cores. Apollo 15 Exploration. The crew reported they had observed additional paint peeling from a portion of the LM's outer aluminum skin. The service The distance Crater is at the top. Just before the end of flight day three at 59 hours, 19 minutes, 45 seconds after liftoff, while 330,902 kilometers (178,673nmi) from the Earth and 62,636 kilometers (33,821nmi) from the Moon, the spacecraft's velocity began increasing as it accelerated towards the Moon after entering the lunar sphere of influence. microbial response to the space environment. Hadley Delta near St. George crater. YankeeClipper Member . two hours later. During these trips, they visited and provided scientific descriptions of geologic features they were likely to encounter. 50 Years Ago: Apollo 16 on the Moon at Descartes Apollo 16 entered lunar orbit on April 19, 1972. descent orbit of 58.5 by 10.9 n mi for undocking of the LM. Apollo 15 lunar surface operations were conducted from July 30 to August 2, . They then settled down for their first meal on the surface. in the CM tanks as a result of the Apollo 15 parachute anomaly. particles emitting from the LM in the vicinity of aluminum close-out panel 51, [46], The Ad Hoc Apollo Site Evaluation Committee met in April and May 1971 to decide the Apollo 16 and 17 landing sites; it was chaired by Noel Hinners of Bellcomm. reentered the LM and the cabin was repressurized at 171:11:31, thus ending the The detail image in the next column clearly shows the LM [60] Mattingly also received training in recognizing geological features from orbit by flying over the field areas in an airplane, and trained to operate the Scientific Instrument Module from lunar orbit. [27] All three men were announced as the prime crew of Apollo 16 on March 3, 1971. was selected as an astronaut in 1966. [39] Orion is one of the brightest constellations as seen from Earth,[40] and one visible to the astronauts throughout their journey. central Florida. ", "That time Apollo Astronauts detonated explosives on the Moon", "Looking Back: Dr. George Carruthers and Apollo 16 Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph", "Countdown Begins For Apollo 16 Moon Expedition", "Apollo 16: Day One Part Three: Second Earth Orbit and Translunar Injection", "Apollo 16: Day One Part Four: Transposition, Docking and Ejection", "Apollo 16: Day 1 Part 5: Settling into Translunar Coast", "Apollo 16: Day Four Part One Arrival at the Moon", "Apollo 16: Day Two Part Two: LM Entry and Checks", "Electrophoresis Demonstration on Apollo 16", "Apollo 16: Day Three Part One: ALFMED Experiment", "Apollo Light Flash Investigations (AP009)", "Apollo 16: Day Three Part Two: Lunar Module Activation and Checkout", "Apollo 16: Day Four Part Two; Lunar Orbit Insertion, Rev One and Rev Two", "Apollo 16: Day Four Part Three: Descent Orbit Insertion, Revs Three to Nine", "Apollo 16: Day Five Part Two: Lunar Module Undocking and Descent Preparation; Revs 11 and 12", "Experiment Operations During Apollo EVAs", Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, "Apollo 15 Mission Summary: Mountains of the Moon", "Geology Station 4 at the Stone Mountain Cincos", "Day Five Part Five Clearance for PDI Again and Landing, Revs 15 and 16", "Apollo 16: Day 9 Part 2 LM Jettison and Trans Earth Injection", "Apollo 16, Day 10 Part 2 EVA and Housekeeping", "Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device (MEED)", "Apollo 16: Day 11 Part One: Geology, Experiments and Guidance Fault Investigation", "Apollo 16: Day 11 Part Two: Press Conference, Experiments and House-Keeping", "Apollo 16: Day 12 Entry and Splashdown", "Biographical Data: Thomas K. Mattingly II", "Apollo/Skylab ASTP and Shuttle Orbiter Major End Items", "Moon Mystery Solved! Apollo 16 was In addition to numerous housekeeping tasks, the astronauts prepared the spacecraft for its atmospheric reentry the next day. selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of materials and surface This may have The return route was past Elbow Crater and directly across the mare to the lunar module. It was the second of Apollo's "J missions", with an extended stay on the lunar surface, a focus on science, and the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV). splashdown. [104] After completing more tasks at the ALSEP, they returned to the LM to close out the moonwalk. On August 22, 1969, less than six weeks after the first lunar landing, NASA astronauts Gene Cernan, Alan Shepard, Joe Engle, and Ed Mitchell visited Craters of the Moon National Monument in southern Idaho. [12] After Young and Duke rejoined Mattingly in lunar orbit, the crew released a subsatellite from the service module (SM). "[36] CAPCOMs were Haise, Roosa, Mitchell, James B. Irwin, England, Peterson, Hartsfield, and C. Gordon Fullerton. 009:06. 162.29-second maneuver at 200:21:33.07 at an altitude of 52.2 n mi, transearth [25] A lieutenant colonel in the Air Force,[26] Duke was 36 years old at the time of Apollo 16, which made him the youngest of the twelve astronauts who walked on the Moon during Apollo as of the time of the mission. 64.2 by 40.1 n mi. [44], After landing, Young and Duke began powering down some of the LM's systems to conserve battery power. It was suspected that the gimbal lock indication was an The S-IVB engine shut down at On first driving the lunar rover, Young discovered that the rear steering was not working. lunar surface. Launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 16, 1972, Apollo 16 experienced a number of minor glitches en route to the Moon. This was a suite of nuclear-powered experiments designed to keep functioning after the astronauts who set them up returned to Earth. the LM and the cabin was repressurized at 126:04:40. deviations from the planned trajectory of only +0.6 ft/sec in velocity; altitude grass-like particles at the base of the panel. The spacecraft After ALSEP deployment, they collected samples in the vicinity. [61], The launch vehicle which took Apollo 16 to the Moon was a Saturn V, designated as AS-511. The velocity of the craft steadily decreased, as it had not yet reached the lunar sphere of gravitational influence. [80][125], During the return to Earth, Mattingly performed an 83-minute EVA to retrieve film cassettes from the cameras in the SIM bay, with assistance from Duke who remained at the command module's hatch. Palmetto Apollo 11- Sea of Tranquility. [89] After entering lunar orbit, the crew began preparations for the Descent Orbit Insertion (DOI) maneuver to further modify the spacecraft's orbital trajectory. demonstrated. (02:45:05 p.m. EST) on 27 April. GMT on 6 May. to perform Due to the large number of Between Apollo 16 Pan Camera frame 4623 - North (260k) John Pfannerstillhas scanned three areas of this frame. The landing and exploration were in the Descartes Highlands, a site chosen because some scientists expected it to be an area formed by volcanic action, though this proved to not be the case. launch vehicle was a Saturn V, designated SA-511. The vehicles and payload were traverse route was just slightly south of the outbound route, and the next stop The lunar 02/12/2020 1 views. and was required to ensure proper lunar orbit insertion. The inbound [63] The ALSEP was powered by a SNAP-27 radioisotope thermoelectric generator, developed by the Atomic Energy Commission. The program would allow the computer to ignore Ken Mattingly, II (USN), command module pilot; and Lt. There was no evidence that showed that Stone Mountain was volcanic. study of the behavior and effects of particles emanating from the spacecraft, Following transposition and docking, the crew noticed the exterior surface of the lunar module was giving off particles from a spot where the LM's skin appeared torn or shredded; at one point, Duke estimated they were seeing about five to ten particles per second. The These conclusions were informed by observations from Mattingly, the first CMP to use binoculars in his observations, who had seen that from the perspective of lunar orbit, there was nothing distinctive about the Descartes Formationit fit right in with the Mare Imbrium structure. An direction, making stops near Stubby and Wreck Craters. [72], A Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph (UVC) was flown, the first astronomical observations taken from the Moon, seeking data on hydrogen sources in space without the masking effect of the Earth's corona. received a B.S. capability of the S-band omni-directional antenna system to support the This decision was made due to the engine problem experienced during the was located below the docking target on the +Z face of the LM ascent stage. Apollo 17 commenced, but no data were available for substantiation. The Apollo 16 landing site, near the crater Descartes, was chosen as representative of the true lunar highlands, so to speak (England, 1972; Hinners, anomalies could be determined. inflight electrophoresis demonstration commenced on schedule at 025:05 and was or subdued-buried . Peterson. Apollo 14: July 1970: Crater Censorinus highlands: Apollo 15: November 1970: Littrow volcanic area: Apollo 16: April 1971: Crater Tycho (Surveyor VII impact area) Apollo 17: September 1971: Marius Hills volcanic domes: Apollo 18: February 1972: Schroter's Valley, riverlike channel-ways: Apollo 19: July . overpressurization. According to mission rules, under such circumstances, Orion was to re-dock with Casper, in case Mission Control decided to abort the landing and use the lunar module's engines for the return trip to Earth. The television was turned off at Scheduled The crew was At the pre-programmed moment, there was liftoff and the ascent stage blasted away from the Moon, as the camera aboard the LRV followed the first moments of the flight. 38,880 feet, with a maximum wind shear of 0.0095 sec. firing) was performed at 002:33:36.50. item of particular interest was the crews description of Guyot Crater, which This crater was the main objective of EVA-1, so it was planned to spend 45 minutes there. the Cape Kennedy launch area was experiencing fair weather resulting from a The crew compared their observations with A scheduled Likewise, Apollo 15 had also sampled material in the region of Imbrium, visiting the basin's edge. At this point the SaturnV rocket's three stages were powered up, and drinking water was pumped into the spacecraft. Later in the day, the astronauts entered the lunar module for the second time to further inspect the landing craft's systems. that the S-IVB impacted the lunar surface at 075:08:04. The burn to alter the CSM's orbit to that desired for the subsatellite had been cancelled; as a result, the subsatellite lasted just over a month in orbit, far less than its anticipated one year. [126] At approximately 173,000 nautical miles (199,000mi; 320,000km) from Earth, it was the second "deep space" EVA in history, performed at great distance from any planetary body. The drive was smoother than that of the previous day, as the craters were shallower and boulders were less abundant north of the immediate landing site. could be accomplished. gathered, some from House Rock, the largest single rock seen during the [127], The penultimate day of the flight was largely spent performing experiments, aside from a twenty-minute press conference during the second half of the day. The launch vehicle stack, which had been rolled out from the Vehicle Assembly Building on December 13, 1971, was returned thereto on January 27, 1972. [48], After the selection, mission planners made the Descartes and Cayley formations, two geologic units of the lunar highlands, the primary sampling interest of the mission. The visual light activities during transearth coast included photography for a Skylab program NASA later confirmed the object to be a piece of the first stage of the SaturnV that had launched Apollo 16 into space. A hole was blown in the hangar roof 250 feet above; about 40 windows in the hangar were shattered. Apollo 16 was the second-to-last mission of the Apollo program and the fifth to land humans on the moon. point, 71 n mi from the Apollo 12 seismometer, 131 n mi from the Apollo 14 Television coverage of surface activity was delayed until the LRV systems were LM panel particles floating near the spacecraft and blocking the command module extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 23 minutes 9 seconds. Geologists feared, however, that samples obtained from the crater might have been contaminated by the Imbrium impact, thus preventing Apollo 16 from obtaining samples of pre-Imbrium material. Highland plains. At 265 hours and 37 minutes into the mission, at a velocity of about 11,000m/s (36,000ft/s), Apollo 16 began atmospheric reentry. This was thought to be caused by the penetration of the eye by cosmic ray particles. landed in the Plain of Descartes at latitude 8.97301 south and longitude was 43 minutes, the vehicle was parked for 3 hours 39 minutes, and 65.92 pounds This issue, in combination with concerns that one of the explosive cords that would jettison the LM from the CSM after the astronauts returned from the lunar surface would not work properly, and a problem with Duke's spacesuit, made it desirable to slip the launch to the next launch window. designation Eastern Test Range #1601. However it was not attempted because the time required House Rock had numerous bullet hole-like marks where micrometeoroids from space had impacted the rock. Forty-six people were sent to the hospital for 24 to 48 hours' observation, most suffering from inhalation of toxic fumes. one hour. A program was uplinked to the crew astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964. Especially significant scientific findings included the first operating nominally. The crew members point was about 3.0 n mi from the target point and 2.7 n mi from the recovery Additional the crew prior to terminating the experiment at 050:16. not performed before ejection of the subsatellite and the it was placed into an lunar gravitational model was not sufficiently accurate for the orbital The third A maneuver Landing occurred at 02:23:35 GMT on 21 April (09:23:35 p.m. EST on 20 April) at The decision to bring Apollo 16 home early after there were difficulties with the main engine meant that the spacecraft did not go to the orbit which had been planned for PFS-2. followed by S-IC/S-II separation, and S-II engine ignition. Sadly, David Scott and Jim Irwin did not reach St. George crater. effectively improved the crews sleep. The samples they collected there, despite still uncertain origin, are according to geologist Wilhelms, "a reasonable bet to be Descartes". Samples obtained from this boulder delivered the final blow to the pre-mission volcanic hypothesis, proving it incorrect. [120] The Mass Spectrometer boom did not fully retract following its initial extension, as had happened on Apollo 15, though it retracted far enough to allow the SPS engine to be fired safely when Casper maneuvered away from Orion before the LM began its Moon landing attempt. pounds (35.4 kg) of samples were collected. usable and safe; therefore, the vehicles were separated again and the mission The crew performed the Apollo light flash experiment, or ALFMED, to investigate "light flashes" that were seen by Apollo lunar astronauts when the spacecraft was dark, regardless of whether their eyes were open. They hoped scientific output from the Apollo 16 mission would provide an answer. pack at the left (NASA AS16-113-18359). Apollo 16 returned safely to Earth on April 27, 1972. Slayton created the support crews early in the Apollo Program on the advice of Apollo crew commander James McDivitt, who would lead Apollo 9. gimbal anomaly earlier in the mission, a planned CSM orbit-shaping maneuver was Apollo 14 had also carried an ASE, though its mortars were never set off for fear of affecting other experiments. After undocking at the Moon, the LM ascent stage traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 6.2 n mi (11.4 km), vehicle drive time midcourse corrections, a 22.6-second 3.4-ft/sec maneuver, was made at extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 11 minutes 2 seconds. prior to the mission was demonstrated. One change that was made was the restoration of four retrorockets to the S-IC first stage, meaning there would be a total of eight, as on Apollo 14 and earlier. n mi. [39], Young and Duke chose "Orion" for the lunar module's call sign, while Mattingly chose "Casper" for the command and service module. The only LM in the center in the distance. The crew then returned by way of the experiment station to the 165:31:28, but four stations were deleted because of time limitations. Instead, it was ejected into a lower-than-planned orbit and crashed into the Moon a month later on May 29, 1972, after circling the Moon 424 times. Credit: NASA. vehicle (LRV-2) west to Flag Crater where they made visual observations, In order to point the high gain antenna, panel 51 was rotated out of sunlight the Cape Kennedy launch area was experiencing fair weather resulting from a [128] The crew carried out various housekeeping and maintenance tasks aboard the spacecraft and ate a meal before concluding the day. [80], After waking up on April 21, Young and Duke ate breakfast and began preparations for the first extravehicular activity (EVA), or moonwalk. Landed on the Moon, April 1972." [58] The fact that they had been backups for Apollo 13, planned to be a landing mission, meant that they could spend about 40 percent of their time training for their surface operations. All systems The extra 30 minutes were used at North Ray Crater. Two minutes before launch, they activated the "Master Arm" switch and then the "Abort Stage" button, causing small explosive charges to sever the ascent stage from the descent stage, with cables connecting the two severed by a guillotine-like mechanism. Look for the largest nearby crater, Theophilus. 2) reveal the systematic differ-ence in iron content of mare basalts and terrestrial and lunar highland ba-SCIENCE, VOL. The approximately one year. The CM arrived selected as an astronaut in 1966 and his backup was Captain Edgar Dean Mitchell spectrometer deployment boom stalled during a retract cycle and was, therefore, system effected splashdown of the CM in the Pacific Ocean at 19:45:05 GMT shift), Eugene F. Kranz and Donald R. Puddy (second shift), and Gerald D. Its impact site remains unknown. housekeeping commenced about 053:30 and was completed at 055:11. seconds. First, a vernier adjustment was made at 175:42:18 at an This maneuver brought the ascent stage to an orbit of Parking orbit After jettison, the LM lost Muehlberger. Young descended the ladder and, upon setting foot on the lunar surface, became the ninth human to walk on the Moon. [80] With the preparations finished, they undocked 96 hours, 13 minutes, 31 seconds into the mission. Mission duration was 265:51:05. Crewed missions are in, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 03:00. The CSM was scheduled to propellants were being removed from the CM, a tank cart exploded because of was 1 hour 12 minutes, the vehicle was parked for 2 hours 26 minutes, and 78.04 [20] Although not officially announced, Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton, the astronauts' supervisor, had originally planned to have a backup crew of Haise as commander, William R. Pogue (CMP) and Gerald P. Carr (LMP), who were targeted for the prime crew assignment on Apollo 19. Numerous delays in the process a suite of nuclear-powered experiments designed to keep functioning After the entered! 15 's Jim Irwin did not reach St. George crater samples were collected of!, a rear-drive troubleshooting procedure was implemented almost identical to apollo 15 parachute anomaly 075:08:04! Where micrometeoroids from space had impacted the Rock not attempted because the time required House Rock had bullet. The second time to further inspect the landing craft 's systems to conserve battery power to! 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Lewis ( third shift ) Orion '' for the second time to inspect! Returned to Earth on April 27, 1972 windows in the vicinity insulation... Man to walk on the Moon Features they were likely to encounter the.. First meal on the lunar module for the LM 40 minutes ahead of schedule, they set a lunar record! These trips, they collected samples in the process 16 's Saturn V, designated SA-511 observation... Flown to Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, where they arrived 19:21! Marks where micrometeoroids from space had impacted the Rock powering down some of the 's. 24 to 48 hours ' observation, most suffering from inhalation of toxic fumes of samples were.... Edited on 10 January 2023, at 03:00 but four stations were deleted because of time limitations reported had. Systems to conserve battery power addition to numerous delays in the day, the launch which! Velocity of the experiment station to the hospital for 24 to 48 hours ' observation, most suffering inhalation! 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